A Mystical Voyage into the Spiritual Pronouncements of Shaykh Abd Al-Qadir Al-Jilani and Jalal Al-Din Al-Rumi

 

Dated: 03 January 2011 By Khadija Qurrat-ul-Ain

Introduction

Sufism is also known as Tasawwuf in Arabic which means that being truthful with the truth and on your best behaviour with the creation of Allah (Abd al-Qadir, 1997). Sufism is a science objective of which is the reparation of heart and taking it away from elsewhere but Almighty Allah. The basic ideology of Sufism is to keep all the worldly desires and joys absent from our hearts so that our Lord and His love can make inroads into our hearts. According to one of the great Sufis, Shaykh Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani, a Sufi is the one who is clear of blights of the lower self, devoid of its blameworthy characteristics and travels to one whose ways are praiseworthy and admirable.

Shaykh Abd-al Qadir Al-Jilani’s Biography

Shaykh Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani (may Allah be well pleased with him) was born in the Iranian district of Gilan, South of Caspian Sea, in 470AH/1077–8 CE. According to the lunar calendar, he was born on the 1st of Ramadan (Abd al-Qadir, 1992). After his birth, Shaykh Abd al-Qadir’s mother said that the day of his birth he would not take a sip of milk in the day time and that he would fast for the whole day (Abd al-Qadir, 1992). This indicated that he was not an ordinary person but a man with spiritual and mystical qualities who would fast on the day of his birth to welcome the month of Ramadan (Al-Tadifi, 1998). At the age of 18 Shaykh Abd al-Qadir migrated to Baghdad, Iraq and became a student under illustrious Shaykhs of the time. For 25th year of age, Shaykh Abd al-Qadir would roam around the deserts of Baghdad which brought great changes in him and opened his path to many new spiritual experiences (Al-Tadifi, 1998). After attaining the highest status in the spiritual world, Shaykh Abd al-Qadir is known as the Sultan of all saints and was also known among the greatest scholarly Sufis (Al-Tadifi, 1998). Shaykh Abd al-Qadir has written many books that have now been translated in many languages including English and other European languages. His words and teachings are undoubtedly considered among the most precious treasures of Islam.

Mawlana Jalal-ud-Din al-Rumi’s Biography

Mawlana Jalal al-Din al-Rumi (may Allah be well pleased with him) was born on September 30, 1207 CE in the city of Balkh, in modern Afghanistan (Gulen, 2005, p. 11). When Rumi grew up, he got most of his spiritual teachings from his father Baha al-Din also known as Sultan of the scholars (Gulen, 2005, p. 46). After the death of his father Jalal al-Din al-Rumi not only lost his father but also a spiritual guide, a friend and source of knowledge and virtue. After this great loss Rumi recovered and found himself in the company of another spiritual guide i.e., his father’s friend Shaykh Burhan al-Din, a great man whom Rumi admired since childhood (Gulen, 2005, p. 46). After years and years of studying under spiritual guidance of numerous scholars, Rumi finally developed and established within himself a new person who was not the Rumi his surroundings knew but the Rumi that we now know today. Rumi, a great poet of Almighty Allah, a compassionate humanitarian and above all he was a true lover of Allah and His beloved Prophet Muhammad (blessings and peace be upon him). Rumi’s love for Almighty Allah was beyond the understanding of a normal person. He wrote books of poetry in the love of Almighty Allah from which two are known worldwide, the Mathnawi and Divan Kabir (Gulen, 2005, p. 46). Rumi never saw himself as a poet, although he was counted among the greatest poets of all times. Rumi once said that the poets write poetry to make themselves known, but the poets of Almighty Allah write poetry to make Almighty Allah known (Gulen, 2005, p. 201). Rumi indeed reminds us of the message of true love, acceptance of diversity that is the true essence of Islam.

Similarities between the Pronouncements of the Two Sufis

All Sufi and mystical ideologies and pronouncements discussed by famous Sufis of all times have one common—the Sufi path. All mystics throughout their lives strive for one thing and that is the love of Almighty Allah, for that they detach themselves from the world mentally, and very few Sufis have done it physically as well. All Sufis have the same path to follow and achieve the same goal, but they use different ways and sources to convey their mystical message to the world. Shaykh Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani and Mawlana Jalal al-Din al-Rumi have many similarities in their mystical pronouncements.
The first pronouncement that the both Sufis—Shaykh Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani and Mawlana Jalal al-Din al-Rumi—have equally emphasized on absolute trust in Almighty Allah and the true obedience to Holy Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him). Shaykh Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani has explained this by mentioning three stages of complete trust and obedience to Almighty Allah: first stage is called tawakkul—complete trust in Almighty Allah and leaving all decisions to Him; second stage is tasleem—complete surrender of oneself; and the last stage is tafwid—an act of complete delegation to Almighty Allah, leaving everything to Him, since He is the decision-Maker (Abd-al-Qadri, 1997, p. 114). On the other hand Mawlana Jalal al-Din al-Rumi has added to Shaykh Abd al-Qadir’s view that human beings’ sustenance is in the hands of Allah and everything that happens is to His will (Turkmen, 2002, p. 238). Since everything is in Almighty Allah’s hands and we have to follow His commands, it is important to have complete trust, submission and delegation to Him.
Second point that is comparable in the teachings of both Sufis is the freedom from gold and silver as Rumi describes in his poetry. He advises the Muslims not to be captive of the worldly desires and wealth and do not get entrapped by different sorts of worldly snares (Turkmen, 2002, pp. 77–79; and Abd al-Qadir, 1992, p. 15). According to Rumi the essence of life does not lie in worldly wealth and joys, but rather it is present in love and acceptance of Almighty Allah. Shaykh Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani has focused on the similar idea. He states that this world’s wealth, ornaments and charming influences are deceptive and poisonous. We have to escape from the world’s greed and lust and detach ourselves from the love of the world (Abd al-Qadir, 1992, p. 15). According to him if the worldly desires are trapped in our hearts then there is no room for Almighty Allah to enter. So if we detach ourselves from the world then we will be able to attach ourselves with Almighty Allah and would enjoy pleasant blessing of life hereafter.
The third similarity between Shaykh Abd al-Qadir and Mawlana Jalal al-Din al-Rumi is the State of Extinction (fana)—annihilation of one’s self that they have talked about (Abd al-Qadir, 1992, p.16; and Turkmen, 2002). Shaykh Abd al-Qadir states that fana signifies our lower self, and isolation and detachment from the desires of lower self interests (Abd al-Qadir, 1992, p. 16). According to him fana also means getting rid of selfish interests by being attached by the will of Allah and by coming under control of the commandments of Almighty Allah. Rumi on the other hand describes the similar concept in different words in more analogical way. He says that we should ‘extinguish our fire of lust with the water of divine light’ (Turkmen, 2002, p. 60) .In other words he advises the Muslims to pour water on fire or passion of worldly desires so that the fire may change into light and the love of Almighty Allah. He also says that we would certainly break our jar of selfhood if we discover the sweet and endless spiritual ocean which he refers to as the light and endless desire to gain the love of Almighty Allah.
These were the similarities between the teachings of Shaykh Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani and Mawlana Jalal al-Din al-Rumi. As I mentioned earlier, there are no contradictions between Sufis and their ideologies. However there are certain teachings that have been emphasized more by one saint and less by another, and this is the case in the pronouncements of Shaykh Abd al-Qadir and Mawlana Rum.

Shaykh Abd al-Qadir and Mawlana Rumi’s Important Emphasis

Shaykh Abd al-Qadir (R,A) has conveyed his spiritual message and ideologies through books and lectures. Shaykh Abd al-Qadir has adopted the way of scholarly Sufi; his expression was direct and explicit in the form of spiritual advice and scholarly explanations. On the other hand, Jalal al-Din has best conveyed his message and his divine knowledge through his poetry. Rumi adopted the style of poetic rhyme and narrative stories. His way of expression is often figurative and metaphorical for delivering his divine message.
Shaykh Abd al-Qadir has emphasised the important virtues and moral excellence of Islam. The three main virtues are thankfulness, patience and truthfulness (Abd al-Qadir, 1997, v. 5, p. 134). According to Shaykh Abd al-Qadir thankfulness is, in fact, an act of praising the beneficent person by mentioning his favours. In other words the servant’s thankfulness to his Lord is expressed through praise he offers to Him. Thankfulness towards Almighty Allah represents his worshipful obedience to Almighty Allah. The second virtue is patience, an act of tolerance of afflictions and hardships in all circumstances. According to Shaykh Abd al-Qadir there are three kinds of patience that are normally obtained by Sufis: firstly patience for the sake of Almighty Allah where a person should strictly do what Almighty Allah has commanded him to do and strictly avoid that is forbidden (Abd al-Qadir, 1997, p. 141). The second kind of patience relates to bearing with Allah, in which a person should tolerate all the hardships that come on following the way of Allah. The last kind is patience in anticipation of Allah. In this a person should wait patiently and calmly for whatever Almighty Allah has promised him in the way of sustenance, joyful relief and rewards for hereafter (Abd al-Qadir, 1997, p. 141). The last virtue is sidq—truthfulness; an act of speaking what is true in any circumstance it also means that no distinction is made between what is believed in private and what is professed in public (Abd al-Qadir, 1997, p. 158).
A person who makes truthfulness a constant practice as a habit is known as sadiq—the truthful (Abd al-Qadir, 1997, v. 5, p. 158). These virtues and moral excellence are what is called the bases of Sufi path and these virtues may seem very easy but it is hard to strictly follow them. As with Rumi he has extraordinarily emphasised on the universality of love. The major theme of Rumi’s Mathnawi is the love of Almighty Allah and the Mathnawi is in fact a love letter written to the unseen Beloved Almighty Allah (Turkmen, 2005, p. 243). Rumi says that love is above the boundaries of time, space, or even religion as Almighty Allah is the source of every being so He is the source of love as well (Turkmen, 2005, p. 243). We are all His creation and He is indeed the centre of love and everything in the world ultimately leads us to Him. Rumi in his poetic words has mentioned several times that ‘love is the remedy of all illnesses’ and he also says that lovers of Almighty Allah never die because His love cannot be buried.
Shaykh Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani has emphasized more on the Exoteric—the outer self; and Esoteric—the inner self of the person and how the combination of both leads to the ultimate reality and truth of Almighty Allah (Abd al-Qadir, 2000, p. 10). He says that the knowledge is sent down to us in two ways. Exoteric knowledge refers to the Shariah law and the esoteric refers to the direct understanding of Almighty Allah (Abd al-Qadir, 2000, p. 10). He said that in order to reach the truth it is important to know the both ways of knowledge, the inner and outer. He explains through quoting a verse from the Qur’an saying, ‘Almighty Allah has partitioned the two seas, they meet, but there is a barrier that they do not overpass’ (Lewis, 2000, p. 10). In other words reality cannot be attained and the goals cannot be reached with the combination of both ways of knowledge.
On the other hand Rumi has emphasized more on the spiritual orientation and reason versus spirit (Lewis, 2000, p. 404). Rumi teaches that a man’s purpose is to achieve a proper spiritual orientation and that can be possible through love and adherence to Almighty Allah and not through reasons and skills (Lewis, 2000, p. 404). According to Rumi’s Mathnawi it is said that ‘you attain to knowledge by argument you attain to craft or skill by practice, but spiritual poverty is won by companionship, not by hand or tongue’ (Mathnawi, 2001, VI Vr:1062; and Lewis, 2000, p. 404). In other words Rumi has said that in order to attain the spiritual knowledge it is important to have a companion or a guide that will lead you to the reality rather than your learned skills. Rumi also emphasized on reason versus spirit that ties into his first discussion of spiritual. He says that there are two different quests, the intellectual quest and spiritual quest. The intellectual quest or the senses perceive causes and effects whereas the spiritual quest perceives wonders upon wonders and the whole process of wondrous spirit can lead us to see the truth, the truth of Almighty Allah (Lewis, 2000, p. 400). Rumi has mentioned in his Mathnawi that ‘how much of all this wisdom of the Greeks, Don’t forget to read the faithful’s wisdom’ (Lewis, 2000, p. 400; and Mathnawi, 2001 V5 Vr:1763). In other words he says that how much of the world’s knowledge and intellect you can gain it will only take you far enough to gain the worldly success and fame, however if you urge to go on a spiritual journey you will be able to reach further in the light of spiritual guidance to understand the true reality of our mighty Lord.
Shaykh Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani has focused and emphasized more on the compliance of Almighty Allah and seeking His pleasure than Rumi (Abd al-Qadir, 1992, p. 33). Almighty Allah is the decision maker and whatever happens to us is by the destiny’s decree or we have asked for the suffering to go away or confront it with patience to please the Lord. Our only resort is total surrender and submission to Almighty Allah (Abd al-Qadir, 1992, p. 33). If our life is happy and joyful, serve it in gratitude and if it is full of hardships then practice total patience and perseverance to seek the pleasure of Almighty Allah (Abd al-Qadir, 1992, p. 33). On the other hand Rumi has focused on the observation of Almighty Allah in every phenomenon of the world. He says that everything that exists in the world is the reflection of its creator and our Lord; it is the spiritual essence that is in us or in other things leads us to Him (Turkmen, 2002, p. 331). In Rumi’s Mathnawi it is stated that everyone turned their faces towards some direction, but the saints have turned towards the direction without directions (Mathnawi, 2001 VI. Vr:3712). In simple words Rumi is saying that wherever a person turns around the world he will find Almighty Allah everywhere because Almighty Allah exists in every phenomenon of the world and we are in the world of Almighty Allah where it is impossible to find anyone other than Him.

Conclusion

Today’s conditions of life force people to engage themselves in an excessive struggle to gain power and make their living luxurious. In that process they kill their spiritual side of being a human (Gulen, 2005, pg. 30). People often do not listen to or read what our prophets, saints, scholars, philosophers and poets have said, but they more importantly engage themselves in fulfilling their endless desires and hence they almost lose the humanitarian aspect of life (Gulen, 2005, p. 30). In the history of Islam Shaykh Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani and Mawlana Jalal al-Din al-Rumi stand out as being unique in the broader scope of spiritual perfection. The perfection includes their knowledge, devotion and adherence towards Almighty Allah. They both have made this point very clear in their teachings that the true essence of life lies within the love of Almighty Allah and total submission to Him as a faithful servant. They think their highest, they feel their deepest and they live their best with total surrender, delegation and devotion to Allah.

Notes

• Al-Jilani, A. (1992). Revelation of the Unseen (Futuh-al-Ghayb). Fort Lauderdale: FL: Al-Baz.
   
• Al-Jilani, A. (2000). Books of Secrets of Secrets and the Manifestation og light. Al-Baz: Fort Lauderdale.
   
• Gulen, F. (2005). Rumi's Thoughts. oneworld: Oxford.
   
• JILIANI, A. (1997). Sufficient provision for seekers of the path of truth (Al-Ghunya li-Talibi Tariq al-Haqq) . FL: Al-Baz : Fort Lauderdale.
   
• Nicholson, R. A. (2001). The Mathnawi of Jalalud?din Rumi: edited from the oldest manuscripts available. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications.
   
• Rūmī, M. (2000). Rumi: past and present, East and West : the life, teaching and poetry of Jalâl al-Din Rumi. Oxford: Oneworld.
   
• Tādhifī, M. i., & Holland, M. (1998). Necklaces of gems = Qalāʼid al-jawāhir : a biography of the crown of the saints Shaykh ʻAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī. Fort Lauderdale, FL: Al-Baz Pub.
   
• Türkmen, E. (2002). The essence of Rumi's Masnevi: including his life and works. Ankara: Ministry of Culture.

The Family of Tipu Sultan BRIEF HISTORY

The ancestors of Tipu Sultan supposedly belong to the Qureishi tribe, originating near Mecca in Arabia. According to an anonimous source, the founder of the family was Husain bin Yahya, Sharif of Mecca, who died in 1469. His grandson, Ahmad, proceeded to Sana in Yemen, where he married the local Governor's daughter and later succeeded his father-in-law. His thirteen-year old son, Muhammad, escaped to Baghdad following the assassination of his father. The family eventually migrated to India, establishing themselves at Kohir, a place situated between Hyderabad and Gulbargha in the Deccan. This lineage is almost certainly fanciful, probably invented sometime after Tipu's advent to power.

The family came to prominence under Tipu's father, Hyder 'Ali, an illiterate soldier of fortune who entered the service of the Hindu Raja of Mysore. A military genius, he rose to high commands under his masters, and for his efforts received extensive lands, honours and offices. Through guile and intrigue, he established control over the whole administration of the state, effectively seizing power in 1761 through appointment to the office of Sarvadhikari. He increased his powers further when the old Maharaja died, leaving three minor sons. The eldest of these succeeded under a regency headed by Hyder, who poisoned of his charge four years later, just before the regency was due to end. His younger brother followed, only to suffer the same fate. A third regency follwed when a young scion of the family succeeded through adoption by the mother of the recently two deceased, childless princes.

Tipu Sultan succeeded his father as Savadhikari in 1782. No less of a military genius and tactitian, Tipu had already gained fame under his father and received exalted presents and honours from the Nizam of Hyderabad. Brought up in princely style, he saw himself as a great ruler and world conqueror. His administration set about eradicating Hindu influence throughout the region, traditional rulers were deposed, dispossessed or murdered and their territories seized, place names changed to Islamic derivatives, Muslim laws declared paramount, conversions "encouraged", a new calendar invented. Seing no use in continuing the charade of a regency, he deposed the Maharaja in 1786, assumed complete power and renamed his state Khudadad. Within a year, he had thrown off any semblance of allegiance to the Mughal Emperor, substituted his own name at Friday prayers, and proclaimed himself Padshah, declaring that the Emperor was now a prisoner of Scindia and a mere cipher.

Unfortunately for Tipu, his rise to power coinsided with the titanic struggle for power between two great European rivals, Britain and France. India, no less than other parts of the world, provided a backdrop for this great context, and Tipu's choice of ally, proved the loser. After many years of battle, in which great territories were won and defeats inflicted on the British, his end came in ignominious defeat in 1799. The great soldier died gloriously in battle trying to defend his fort of Serigapatam, after its defences had been breached by British arms.

After Tipu's death, Mysore was restored to the Wodeyar dynasty, other conquered lands returned to the Rajas of Travancore, Coorg, and Cochin, while other territories were annexed by the HEIC. His family were removed to Vallore, where they were restricted to the town and surrounding countryside, but otherwise allowed to move freely. A mutiny by the garrison troops of the Madras army resulted in the proclamation of Fath Hyder Sultan, as Raja in 1806. There were reports that Fath Hyder's younger brother, Muiz ud-din, was implicated in the rebellion but this was later proved to be innaccurate. In any event, this prompted the government to remove most of the family to the safety of Calcutta. There, they received pensions, several mansions and some lands, but lived as important nobles, not as ruling princes.

Several members of the family played prominent roles in Calcutta society, serving as Members of the Bengal and the Imperial Legislative Councils, or the Calcutta municipality. One descendant even served as General-Secretary and President of the Indian National Congress. However, independence proved a more painful pill than defeat at British hands. The pensions paid by the government eroded over time and were eventually stopped, and their land holdings were either lost during the reform programmes of the 1950's or tied up in costly litigation. Today, many members of this once illustrious family live in penury, while politicians and demagogues extol the nationalist virtues of their famous ancestor, yet treat his descendants with far less courtesy than those who vanquished him.

FLAG:
A sun in splendour in the centre, with green tiger stripes on a red field.

SALUTE:
21-Guns.

STYLES & TITLES:
The Sovereign: Padshah Bahadur, with the style of His Majesty.
The sons of the sovereign: Shahzada (personal name) Sahib*.
The daughters of the sovereign: Shahzadi (personal name) Begum Sahiba.
The grandsons of the sovereign, and other male descendants: Sahibzada (personal name).
The granddaughters of the sovereign, and other female descendants: Sahibzadi (personal name) Begum.
* These styles were also extended on a personal basis to all surviving grandsons of Tipu Sultan, in the male line, by the GOI on 5^th September 1860.

ORDERS & DECORATIONS:
None.

SOURCES:
Bengal Board Collections. IOR (F/4/1346). India Office Collection, The British Library, London.
Bengal Political Proceedings, Fort William, 24^th December 1832, No. 88. IOR (P/126/59). India Office Collection, The British Library, London.
Collection of Papers in the Office of the Superintendent of Political Pensions. IOR (V/27/71/1). India Office Collection, The British Library, London.
Provision for Prince Gholam Mahomad's Family, India Foreign Proceedings Financial, Dec. 1872, Nos. 16-22. IOR (P/751). India Office Collection, The British Library, London.
Return to an Address of the Honourable The House of Commons, dated 12 February 1861: East India (Mysore). J.W. Kaye, Secretary in the Political Department, India Office, London, 1861.
Lewin B. Bowring, CSI. Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan and the struggle with the Musalman powers of the South. Rulers of India. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1893.
Prof. P. Chinnian. Tipu Sultan, The Great. Siva Publications, Erode, South India, 1983.
Sir Murray Hammick, KCSI, CIE (ed.). Historical Sketches of the South of India, etc. by Lieut. Colonel Mark Wilks. 2 volumes. Government Branch Press, Mysore, 1932.
C. Hayavadana Rao. History of Mysore (1399-1799 AD). 3 volumes. Mysore Government Press, Bangalore, 1943.
A Facsimile Reprint of the History of Hyder Shah alias Hyder Ali Khan Bahadur: and of his son Tippoo Sultaun by M.M.D.L.T. revised and corrected by His Highness Prince Gholam Mohammad, the only surviving son of Tippoo Sultaun. The Bangabashi Office, Calcutta, 1908.
Colonel W. Miles (transl.). The History of Hyder Naik, or the Neshani Hyduri, written by Mir Hussein Ali Khan Kirmani. Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland, London, 1842.
Colonel W. Miles (transl.). The History of the reign of Tipu Sultan, being a continuation of the Neshani Hyduri, written by Mir Hussein Ali Khan Kirmani. Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland, London, 1844.
Lewis Rice. Mysore and Coorg, A Gazetteer compiled for the Government of India. 4 volumes. Mysore Government Press, Bangalore, 1878.







PART-2

Note: The genealogy of Hyder 'Ali's ancestors, given here, is based primarily on that published by Wilks. He interviewed the guardians of the family tombs at Kolar about the family and persuaded them to commit their information to paper. However, other sources, though agreeing with a Sharifan descent, make Muhammad Wali the father and not the brother of Muhammad 'Ali. Similarly, his grandfather is called Hasan and not Husain. These inconsistencies, together with others, suggest that the Sharifan descent is unreliable. Probably an invention used to promote the Muslim credentials of Tipu Sultan after his advent to power.

Yahya I Husain, Sharif of Mecca (d. at Mecca, 16^th March 1471) I Muhammad (d.v.p. at Mecca, before 9^th July 1470) I Ahmad. m. the daughter of the Governor of Sana'a, Yemen. I Muhammad, escaped to Baghdad aged 13. I 'Abdu'l Ghani (d. at Baghdad, before 16^th November 1621) I Ibrahim (d. before 27^th January 1648) I Husain (with whom we treat)

Husain. b. at Baghdad, before 6^th February 1647, son of Ibrahim bin 'Abdu'l Ghani, supposedly sixth in descent from Yahya, a descendant of the Quraishi Sharifs of Mecca. Migrated to Ajmer from Baghdad. m. a daughter of the Mutawalli of the shrine of Khwaja Muin ud-din Chishti at Ajmer. He d. at Ajmer, 1664, having had issue:

• 1) Muhammad Bhailuli. b. posthumously, at Ajmer, 1664, six months after the death of his father, educ. privately. Migrated to Delhi, and later to the south, where he settled at Alund, in Kalburga dist. m. a cousin. He had issue, two sons:
  • a) 'Ali Ghulam Dost Muhammad [Muhammad 'Ali]. b. at Ajmer. Entered the service of the Sultans of Bijapur, after the death of his father. m. at Kalburga, Majidda Begum, daughter of Mir Akbar 'Ali Khan, guardian of the shrine of Hazrat Banda Nawaz at Kalburga. He d. at Kolar, before 10^th July 1698, having had issue, four sons and one daughter:
    • i) Shaikh Muhammad.
    • ii) Muhammad Ilyas. He d. at Tanjore, before 6^th May 1704, having had issue, a son:
      • (1) Hyder Sahib. Entered the service of the Raja of Mysore, becoming a Naik of 100 horse and 200 foot. He d. from wounds received at the siege of Devanhalli Fort, 1729.
    • iii) Muhammad Imam. m. at Arcot, before 6^th May 1704, a niece or younger sister of Sayyid Burhan ud-din, a pirzada of Tanjore.
    • iv) Fath Muhammad 'Ali Khan [Nadim Sahib]. b. at Sira. Migrated to Devanahalli from Kohir. Served in the armies of the Nawab Sa'adatu'llah Khan of the Carnatic, and received the rank of Jamadar cdg. 200 foot and 50 horse, prom. to command 600 foot, 500 horse and 50 rocket-men. Later entered the service of the Raja of Mysore, who granted him the title of Naik. Next entered the service of the Nawab 'Abdu'l Rasul Khan of Sira and granted the rank of a cdr. of 400 foot and 200 horse, the title of Khan, the jagir of Dodballapur (Budicote), and appointed as Faujdar of Sira, 1721. m. (first) at Arcot, before 6^th May 1704, Saydani Sahiba (d. young at Kolar), daughter of Sayyid Burhan ud-din [Burra Sahib], a pirzada of Tanjore. m. (second) at Kolar, the elder sister of Ibrahim Sahib, who d.s.p. before before 1717. m. (third) at Chittor, before 1717, the younger sister of Ibrahim Sahib. He was k. in battle at Sira, before 9^th September 1725 (bur. Kolar), having had issue, three sons by his first wife, and three sons by his third:
      • (1) Wali Sahib (s/o Saydani Sahiba). He was k. (s.p.) in battle, together with his father, at Sira, 1729 (bur. Kolar).
      • (2) 'Ali Sahib (s/o Saydani Sahiba). He d.s.p.
      • (3) Bihiluli Sahib (s/o Saydani Sahiba). He d.s.p.
      • (4) Shahbaz 'Ali Khan Bahadur [Ismail Sahib]. b. at Dodballapur, before 14^th November 1719 (s/o the third wife), educ. privately. Entered the service of the Killedar of Bangalore, where he rose to the command of 200 horse and 1,000 foot. Raja of Mysore's service and rose to the rank of General. Sometime Cdt. of the fortress of Bangalore. m. (first) a lady from his own tribe, who d. in childbirth. m. (second) at Balapur, after the death of his first wife, another lady from his own tribe, He d. at Kolar, 1756, having had issue, one daughter by his first wife, and one son and two daughters by his second:
        • (a) 'Abdu'l Kadir Sahib (s/o the second wife). He was k. by a cannonball at Anooti.
        • (a) …Begum Sahiba (d/o the first wife). m. Lala Mian (k. by the Marathas after the Battle of Chercoolee [Chinkuruli], near Tonnur, 6^th March 1771), cdr. of Infantry under Hyder 'Ali. She had issue, one son and one daughter:
          • (i) Burhan ud-din Khan. Sipah Salar (C-in-C) under Tipu Sultan. m. before 14^th November 1784, a daughter of Badr uz-Zaman Khan, sometime Bakshi of the regiular infantry and Faujdar of Nugger.
          • (i) Ruqaya Banu Begum [H.H. Nawab Begum Sahiba]. m. (second) at Seringapatam, 1774, on the same night as his first wife, H.M. Fath 'Ali Khan Tipu Sultan Padshah Bahadur, Padshah of Khudadad (b. at Devanahalli, Bangalore, 20^th November 1750; k. at Seringapatam Fort, 4^th May 1799 (bur. at The Gumbaz, Lalbagh, Seringapatam), eldest son of Nawab Hyder 'Ali Khan Bahadur, Nawab of Hydernagar, by his second wife, Fakhr un-nisa Fatima Begum. She d. from fright during the attack on Seringapatam, 24^th February 1792 (bur. there), having had issue, one son and two daughters (the only legitimate children of Tipu) - see below.
        • (b) Amina Begum Sahiba (d/o the second wife). m. at Seringapatam, before 4^th April 1772, Tarbiyat 'Ali Khan, a Navayat. She had issue.
        • (c) Begum Sahiba (d/o the second wife). m. at Seringapatam, before 4^th April 1772, Yasin Sahib, son of Jamadar Yakub Sahib.
      • (5) Wali Muhammad. b. at Dodballapur, before 22^nd October 1721 (s/o the third wife). He d. aged two years, before 1^st October 1723.
      • (6) H.E. Nawab Hyder 'Ali Khan Bahadur, Suba of Sira, Nawab of Hydernagar, and Sarvadhikari of Mysore (s/o the third wife) - see below
    • i) Maryam Bibi. m. and had issue.
  • b) Muhammad Wali. Seized all the property belonging to his elder brother, on his death an expelled his sister-in-law and her children.

PART-3

1763 - 1782 H.E. Shams ul-Mulk, Amir ud-Daula, Nawab Hyder 'Ali Khan Bahadur, Hyder Jang, Nawab of Hydernagar, Subadar of the Carnatic Balaghat, Suba of Sira, and Sarvadhikari of Mysore. b. at Dodballapur, before 12^th October 1722, as Fath Hyder, youngest son of Fath Muhammad 'Ali Khan [Nadim Sahib], by his third wife. Entered the Raja of Mysore's service, distingusihed himself at the taking of Devanhalli in 1749, appointed to the cmd. of 200 foot and 50 horse, Faujdar of Dindigul 1755-1756, and of Bangalore 1756-1757, Sipah Salar (C-in-C) after 19^th June 1758, and Suba of Sira from 1761. Granted Coimbatore and Bangalore in jagir for his military services ca. 1757. Conquered Bednur from the Marathas in March 1763, which he renamed Hydernagar. Effectively seized power and adopted the title of Sarvadhikari or Chief Minister of Mysore 1761. Granted the titles of Khan 1749, prom. Khan Bahadur before 7^th October 1755, and prom. to Nawab Hyder 'Ali Khan Bahadur and Chukmak Jung by Basalat Jung, October 1760 but renounced the latter title on his departure. Prom. to the titles of Shams ul-Mulk, Amir ud-Daula, Hyder Jang and Subadar of the Carnatic Balaghat*. m. (first) the eldest daughter of Sayyid Shahbaz [Shah Mian Sahib], a pirzada of Sira. m. (second) at Seringapatam, 1745, Fakhr un-nisa Fatima Begum Sahiba [Saydani Begum] (bur. at The Gumbaz, Lalbagh, Seringapatam), daughter of Mir Muin ud-din Sahib, sometime jagirdar of Kurumgunda, and Faujdar of Cudappa. m. (third) Mahaba Begum Sahiba. m. (fourth) Medina Begum Sahiba, a former dancing girl. m. (fifth) after 27^th May 1779 (nikah), Bakshi Begum Sahiba (d. at Vellore Fort, 1804, bur. there), sister of Nawab 'Abdu'l Halim Khan, sometime Faujdar of Cudappa. m. (a) at Mysore, 1759, Kennie Sahiba (d. giving birth to her only daughter), sister of Mirza Husain Beg, and daughter of Mehdi Beg, a Jamadar of 200 Horse, from Arcot. m. (b) Fatima Khanum, sister of Yusuf Beg. m. (c) Mira Bibi. m. (d) Durdana Begum Sahiba (m. second, after 1782, H.M. Fath 'Ali Tipu Sultan Padshah Bahadur, Padshah of Khudadad, by whom she had issue - see below), a woman purchased in Delhi. m. nineteen other women purchased in Delhi. He d. from a carbuncle at camp at Narasingarayanpet, near Chittur, 7^th December 1782 (bur. at The Gumbaz, Lalbagh, Seringapatam), having had issue, two sons and several daughters, including:

• 1) Wala Qadr, Nasib ud-Daula, Nawab Fath 'Ali Khan Bahadur, who became H.M. Fath 'Ali Tipu Sultan Padshah Bahadur, Padshah of Khudadad (s/o Fakhr un-nisa) - see below.
• 2) Nawab 'Abdu'l Karim Khan Sahib, Karim Shah, Safdar Shikoh Bahadur. b. prematurely in a palanquin, during the battle of Dindigul, at Seringapatam, 12^th August 1760 (s/o Kennie Sahiba), educ. privately. Cdr. of 4,000 horse and 2,000 foot. He served as Deputy to his father during his last days, and was appointed as Dewan on his death to the chagrin of his brother Tipu, 7^th December 1782. Removed from that position by Tipu, 2^nd January 1783. m. (first) at Seringapatam, 1779, Nawabzadi Nawaz Begum Sahiba, daughter of Meherban Nawab 'Abdu'l-Hakim Diler Khan Sahib Bahadur, Diler Jang, Nawab of Savanur. m. (second) Khair un-nisa Begum Sahiba (b. ca. 1780; d. at Calcutta, 19^th April 1869, and bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park). m. (third) Nigar Begum Sahiba (d. at Calcutta, November 1832, and bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park). He d. 30^th December 1829, having had issue, four sons and four daughters:
•  
  • a) Sahibzada Hyder 'Ali. Escaped from British captivity and joined the Marathas in 1801.
  • b) Nawab Ghulam 'Ali Shah. b. 1795 (s/o Khair un-nisa Begum). m. (first) at Calcutta, 1820, Sahibzadi Fakhr un-nisa Begum (d. before, 1871), daughter of Shahzada Muhi ud-din Sultan Sahib, Sultan Padshah Bahadur. m. (second) Piari Khanum, alias Sundali Bibi. m. (third) Fazilat un-nisa Khanum, daughter of Muhi ud-din. He d. at Calcutta, 8^th October 1864 (bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park), having had issue, three sons and two daughters:
    • i) Sahibzada Ghulam Huqani. m. at Calcutta, 1856, Sahibzadi Badr un-nisa Begum (d. at Calcutta, 1863), third daughter of Sahibzada Muhammad Munim ud-din. He had issue, two sons:
      • (1) Sahibzada Muhammad Shah. He d.s.p.
      • (2) Sahibzada Ahmad Shah. He d.s.p.
    • ii) Sahibzada Ghulam Rubani (s/o Fakhr un-nisa Begum). m. at Calcutta, after 1853, Sahibzadi Chand Begum (d. at Calcutta, 1^st January 1861), second daughter of Nawab Muhammad Nur ul-Haq. He d. at Calcutta, 1893 (bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park), having had issue, one son:
      • (1) Sahibzada Muhammad Sultan Alam. A lawyer. m. (first) Sahibzadi Sultan Begum, eldest daughter of Sahibzada Muhammad Wahaj ud-din Shah, by his wife, Sahibzadi Husaini Begum, daughter of Sahibzada Muhammad Azim ud-din. m. (second) Sahibzadi Anjuman Ara Begum, daughter of Sahibzada Muhi ud-din, a great granddaughter of Shahzada Muhammad Subhan Sultan Sahib. He d. at Calcutta, 1922 (bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park), having had issue, two sons and two daughters:
        • (a) Sahibzada Habib Alam (s/o Sultan Begum).
        • (b) Sahibzada Muhammad Munir Alam, Bunduq Shah Bahadur (s/o Anjuman Ara Begum). m. Zubaida Sultan Begum (b. at Benares, ca. 1894; d. 1980), daughter of Mirza Akbar Bakht Bahadur, of the Mughal Imperial Family, by his wife, Wilaiyati Begum [Yakuti], daughter of Sahibzada Muhammad Wahaj ud-din Shah. He had issue, five sons and two daughters:
          • (i) Sahibzada Humayun Alam. m. Bilqis Sultan Begum (d. 1980), third daughter of Mirza Jawan Bakht Bahadur, of the Mughal Imperial Family, by his wife, Jan Sultan Begum, daughter of Mirza Mahmud Bakht Bahadur.
          • (ii) Sahibzada Shahyar Alam.
          • (iii) Sahibzada Taladar Alam.
          • (iv) Sahibzada Said Alam.
          • (v) Sahibzada Muhammad Maqbul Alam [Kuchi Sahib]. m. Shahrbanu Begum. He had issue, one son and two daughters:
            • 1. Sahibzada Shahid Alam.
            • 1. Sahibzadi Seema Begum. m. … Siddique, of Darjeeling.
            • 2. Sahibzadi Razia Begum.
          • (i) Sahibzadi Sultanat Ara Begum.
          • (ii) Sahibzadi Manzalat Ara Begum.
        • (a) Sahibzadi Chanda Begum (d/o Sultan Begum). m. 'Abdu'l Rashid Khan, of Dacca.
          
        • (b) Sahibzadi … Begum.
    • iii) Sahibzada Ghulam Kubria. m. at Calcutta, 1854, Sahibzadi Fazl un-nisa Begum [Khaja Begum] (d.s.p. after 1871), eldest daughter of Muhammad Jafar ud-din. He d.s.p. at Calcutta, 1861 (bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park).
    • i) Sahibzadi Fakhr un-nisa Begum [Saliha Begum]. m. …She d. at Calcutta, 1902 (bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park), having had issue.
    • ii) Sahibzadi Khair un-nisa Begum [Sakina Begum].
  • ) Nawab Imam Baksh. m. (first) 1820, …un-nisa Begum (b. at Vellore, 1803; d. before, 25^th December 1845), the eldest daughter of Shahzada Muhi ud-din Sultan Sahib, Sultan Padshah Bahadur. m. (second) Gulzar Bibi. He d. at Calcutta, before, 13^th August 1827, having had issue, one son and two daughters:
    • i) Nawab Muhammad Nur ul-Haq. m. (first) at Calcutta, 15^th February 1851, Kulsum Begum, dauhter of Munshi Muhammad Turab. m. (second) Karim un-nisa Begum (d. 1871?). He d. at Calcutta, 1864 (bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park), having had issue, two sons and three daughters:
      • (1) Sahibzada Amir ud-din. He d. after 1870.
      • (2) Sahibzada Nasir ud-din.
      • (1) Sahibzadi Mahtab Begum. She d. young at Calcutta, ca. 1856.
      • (2) Sahibzadi Chand Begum. m. at Calcutta, after 1853, Sahibzada Ghulam Rubani (d. at Calcutta, 1893), second son of Nawab Ghulam 'Ali Shah, by his first wife, Fakhr un-nisa Begum, daughter of Muhammad Muhi ud-din Sultan Sahib, Sultan Padshah Bahadur. She d. at Calcutta, 1^st January 1861(bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park), having had issue, one son - see above.
      • (3) Sahibzadi Ilahi Begum. She d. young at Calcutta.
    • i) Sahibzadi Muhammadi Begum. She d. at Calcutta, 1859 (bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park).
    • ii) the second daughter d. at Calcutta, 24^th September 1830 (bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park).
  • d) Sahibzada 'Abdu'l Qadir. b. 1801. He d. young.
  • a) Sahibzadi …Begum. m. Nawabzada Hyder Husain Khan (d. at Calcutta, 31^st August 1810), eldest son of Meherban Nawab 'Abdu'l Khair Khan Sahib Bahadur, Diler Jang, Nawab of Savanur, by his wife, Nawab Sultan Husaini Begum Sahiba, younger daughter of H.E. Nawab Hyder 'Ali Khan Bahadur, Suba of Sira, Nawab of Hydernagar, sometime Regent and C-in-C of Mysore - see India Non-salute (Savanur).
  • b) Sahibzadi Imtiaz un-nisa Begum. m. at Calcutta, 1814, her cousin, H.H. Prince Ghulam Muhammad Sultan Sahib, KCSI (b. at Seringapatam, 1794; d. at Calcutta, 11^th August 1872, bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park), son of H.M. Fath 'Ali Tipu Sultan Padshah Bahadur, She d. at Calcutta, 1878 (bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park), having had issue, one son - see below.
  • c) Sahibzadi Fatima Begum. m. at Calcutta, 1828, Sahibzada Muhammad Shaukat ud-din (b. at Seringapatam, 1801; d. at Calcutta, 8^th August 1853, bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park), eldest son of Shahzada Muhammad Subhan Sultan Sahib. She d. at Calcutta, 6^th November 1832 (bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park), having had issue, one son and one daughter - see below.
  • d) Sahibzadi …Begum. m. at Calcutta, ca. 1838, as his second wife, Sahibzada Muhammad Rashid ud-din (b. at Vellore, 1804; d. at Calcutta, 14^th December 1842, bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park), second son of Shahzada Muhammad Subhan Sultan Sahib. She had issue, one daughter - see below.
• 1) A daughter of the first wife. b. before 1749.
• 2) Sahibzadi Paupa Bibi. m. at Seringapatam, before 12^th July 1763, Nur ul-Absar Khan, son of Diler Khan and nephew of Nawab Dilawar Khan, sometime Suba of Sera.
• 3) Nawab Sultan Husaini Begum Sahiba (d/o Kennie Sahiba). m. at Seringapatam, 1779, Meherban Nawab 'Abu'l-Khair Khan Sahib Bahadur, Dilawar Jang [Khaira Mian], Nawab of Savanur (d. at Savanur, 3^rd November 1827), eldest surviving son of Meherban Nawab 'Abdu'l-Hakim Diler Khan Sahib Bahadur, Diler Jang, Nawab of Savanur, by his principal wife, Nawab Sumkhanduma Sahib. She d. at Vellore, before 1806, having had issue, one son - see India Non-salute (Savanur).
• 4) Sahibzadi Amina Begum. m. Sayyid Hafiz 'Ali Khan (k. by a cannon ball at the siege of Arcot, 31^st October 1780). She d. at Calcutta, 31^st August 1843, having had issue, one son:
  • a) Mir Qadir 'Ali Khan. m. Shahzadi Azmat un-nisa Begum Sahiba (d.s.p. before 1835), third daughter of H.M. Fath 'Ali Tipu Sultan Padshah Bahadur, Padshah of Khudadad. He d. at Calcutta, 17^th August 1843 (bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park).
• Sahibzadi Amina Begum, may also have had further issue:
  • a) A daughter. m. Shahzada Muhi ud-din Sultan Sahib, Sultan Padshah Bahadur (b. at Seringapatam, 1782; d. at Calcutta, 30^th September 1811, bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park), son of H.M. Fath 'Ali Tipu Sultan Padshah Bahadur, Padshah of Khudadad, by his wife, Ruqaya Banu Begum [H.H. Nawab Begum ] - see below.

Nawab Hyder 'Ali Khan, also adopted a son:

• 3) Shaikh Iyaz Khan [Hyat Sahib]. b. ca. before 2^nd August 1761, son of the Nair Raja of Chirakkal. Circumcised and converted after the hideous murder of his father and family in 1768. Governor of Bednore, Mangalore, etc. until 1782. Fearful of Tipu's jealousy, he went over to the allies after Hyder Ali's death.

* these titles are assigned to Hyder 'Ali by Kirmani on the title page of his Hishan-i-Hyduri, but no other evidence has been found, either in the Mughal records or those of Hyderabad and Mysore.




I would be grateful to hear from anyone who may have changes, corrections or additions to contribute. If you do, please be kind enough to send me an e-mail using the contact details at

SAMIJEE@MAIL.COM




PART-4

continued from the previous page.

1782 - 1799 H.M. Fath 'Ali Khan Tipu Sultan Padshah Bahadur, Padshah of Khudadad. b. at Devanahalli, Bangalore, 20^th November 1750, eldest son of H.E. Nawab Hyder 'Ali Khan Bahadur, Suba of Sira, Nawab of Hydernagar, and Sarvadhikari of Mysore, by his second wife, Fakhr un-nisa Fatima Begum, educ. privately. Entered the Mysore service. Granted the titles of Nasib ud-Daula, Fath 'Ali Khan Bahadur, and Nawab, by the Nizam of Hyderabad, 11^th June 1767. Granted the title of Wala Qadr, by his father. Succeeded on the death of his father as Nawab of Hydernagar and ascended the musnaid at Chittur, taking the title of Nawab Tipu Sultan Bahadur, 28^th December 1782. Appointed as Sarvadhikari or Chief Minister of Mysore, in succession to his late father, 2^nd January 1783. Installed at Bednur, 4^th May 1783. Deposed the hereditary Maharaja of Mysore, assumed total power, and established the new state of Khudadad in 1786. Threw off any semblance of allegiance to the Mughal Emperor by substituting his own name at Friday prayers, citing that the Emperor was now a prisoner of Scindia and a mere cipher. Proclaimed himself Padshah at the Lal Bagh Mosque, Seringapatam, January 1787. His administration set about eradicating Hindu influence throughout the region, traditional rulers were deposed, dispossessed or murdered and their territories seized, place names changed to Islamic derivatives, Muslim laws declared paramount, conversions "encouraged", and a new calendar invented. m. (first) at Seringapatam, 1774, Sultan Begum [H.H. Padshah Begum Sahiba] (d. at Fort Vellore, 1834, bur. there), daughter of Imam Sahib Bakshi, a Navayat of Arcot. m. (second) at Seringapatam, 1774, on the same night as his first wife, Ruqaya Banu Begum [H.H. Nawab Begum Sahiba](d. from fright during the British attack at Seringapatam, 24^th February 1792), daughter of Lala Mian, by his wife, the eldest daughter of Tipu's uncle, Shahbaz 'Ali Khan Bahadur [Ismail Sahib]. m. (third) at Seringapatam, 1795, Khadija uz-Zamani Begum Sahiba (d. in childbirth, at Seringapatam, 1797), daughter of Mir Muin ud-din Khan [Sayyid Sahib], sometime Killedar of Gurumkonda. m. (fourth) Buranti Begum Sahiba, daughter of Mir Muhammad Pasand Beg, a nobleman from Delhi, by his wife, a daughter of Sayyid Muhammad Khan, sometime Subedar of Kashmir. m. (i) Srimati Jubra Begum Sahiba [Zuhara Begum] (one of the following?). m. (ii) at Seringapatam, after 1788, Maharajkumari Devamajji Ammani Avaru (d.s.p. at Nalknad Palace, Coorg, before 1852), daughter of Maharaja Siribayi Singha Rajendra [Lingaraja I] Wodeyar, Maharaja of Coorg, returned to her family by the British in 1799. m. (iii) at Seringapatam, after 1788, Maharajkumari Nilammajji Ammani Avaru (d.s.p. at Nalknad Palace, Coorg, 1865), daughter of Maharaja Siribayi Singha Rajendra [Lingaraja I] Wodeyar, Maharaja of Coorg, returned to her family by the British in 1799. m. (iv) a member of the Mysore Royal Family. m. (v) a member of the Mysore Royal Family. m. (vi) a member of the Mysore Royal Family. m. (vii) a niece of Mir Miran Purnaiya, of Yelandur, sometime Dewan and Regent of Mysore. m. (viii) Roshani Begum Sahiba (d. at Calcutta, 14^th December 1821, bur. there at the Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park), alias Pum Kusur, a former dancing girl from Adoni. m. (ix) Fahmida Begum Sahiba. m. (x) Mirza Begum Sahiba. m. (xi) Solia Begum, sister of Sikanabad Begum. m. (xii) Sikanabad Begum Sahiba, sister of Solia Begum. m. (xiii) Zafaran Sahiba. m. (xiv) Durdana Begum Sahiba, one of twenty women purchased in Delhi for his father Nawab Hyder 'Ali Khan Bahadur, Suba of Sira, Nawab of Hydernagar. m. (a) Rahmat un-nisa, daughter of Mirza Muhammad Musa Reza Sahib. m. (b) Umm Ghulam Muhammad (d. at Calcutta, 7^th October 1851). m. (c) Umm Ghulam Ahmad (d. before 8^th November 1852). m. (d) …Bibi ( d. at Calcutta, 22^nd November 1851). m. (e) the sister of Mir Khirdamand 'Ali (d. after 1837). m. (f) …Bibi (d. at Calcutta, 1^st December 1837), the sister of Qadir Sahib. m. (g) Mohan Lal Begum Sahiba. m. (h) Umm Shakrullah Sultan (d. before 28^th February 1842). m. (i) Khangazi Bibi. m. (j) Umm Subhan Sultan (d. before 11^th December 1829). m. (k) Umm Sarwar ud-din Sultan (d. before 20^th November 1831). m. (l) Nur Jahan (d. ca. 1814). m. (m) …Bibi (d. at Calcutta, 6^th November 1832). m. (n) Gulshama Bibi. He was k. at Seringapatam, 4^th May 1799 (bur. at The Gumbaz, Lalbagh, Seringapatam), having had issue, sixteen sons and at least eight daughters:

• 1) Shahzada Hyder 'Ali Sultan Sahib, Fath Hyder Bahadur. b. at Seringapatam, 1771/1772 (s/o Roshani Begum). Exiled to Vellore 19^th June 1799. Appointed to the rank of Mîr Lashkar 1799. Proclaimed there as Raja by a group of sepoy mutineers, 10^th July 1806. Deported to Calcutta with his brothers and the rest of his family, 20^th August 1806. m. (first) Zinat un-nisa Begum, daughter of Sa'adatmand Khan. m. (second) Kharun, daughter of Mir Nizam ud-din. m. (a) Gulrukh un-nisa Bibi [Gulrukhi] (d. after 1863). m. (b) Mehr Banu Bibi (d. after 1863). m. (c) Zohra Bibi (d. after 1863). m. (d) Lal Banu Bibi (d. before 1863). m. (e) Gul Shubu Bibi (d. before 1863). m. (f) Mehr un-nisa Bibi (d. before 21^st November 1857). m. (g) Nazuk Banu Bibi (d. before 1863). m. (h) Gumalti Bibi (d. before 1863). m. (i) … Bibi (d. at Calcutta, 17^th August 1850). m. (j) … Bibi (d. at Calcutta, 22^nd November 1836). m. (k) Rungrus Bibi (d. at Calcutta, 7^th May 1856). m. (l) Jahan Nawaz Bibi (d. before 14^th February 1859). m. (m) Umm Muhammad 'Ali (d. before 13^th September 1845). m. (n) Umm Muhammad Bagir (d. before 9^th June 1830). m. (o) … Bibi (d. at Calcutta, 18^th October 1833). m. (p) … Bibi (d. at Calcutta, 21^st April 1831). m. (q) … Bibi (d. at Calcutta, 7^th or 22^nd January 1832). m. (r) … Bibi (d. at Calcutta, 13^th September 1833). m. (s) … Bibi (d. at Calcutta, 28^th November 1833). m. (t) … Bibi (d. at Calcutta, 7^th December 1833). He d. at "Bara Mahal", Tollygunge, Calcutta, 30^th July1815 (bur. there at the Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park), having had issue eight sons and sixteen daughters, including:
  • a) Sahibzada Muhammad Amin ud-din. b. at Seringapatam, 1796. m. …Begum (d. 1821). He d.s.p. at Calcutta, 3^rd October 1821 (bur. there at the Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park).
  • b) Sahibzada Muhammad Jafar ud-din. b. at Seringapatam, 1799 (s/o Lal Banu Bibi). m. (first) …Begum (d. before April 1837). m. (second) ca. 1837, Sahibzadi …Begum (b. at Calcutta, 1809; d. before 13^th February 1855), daughter of his uncle, Shahzada Muhi ud-din Sultan Sahib, Sultan Padshah Bahadur. m. (a) Mubaraq Kadam. m. (b) Piari Bibi (d. after 1859). He d. before, 5^th September 1852, having had issue, three sons and three daughters:
    • i) Sahibzada Muhammad Mukim ud-din. b. at Calcutta, 1831. He d. there, 11^th May 1835 (or 20^th November 1833) (bur. there at the Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park).
    • ii) Sahibzada Muhammad Husam ud-din. b. at Calcutta, 1831. He d. there, 20^th November 1833 (or 11^th May 1835) (bur. there at the Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park).
    • iii) Sahibzada Muhammad Firuz Shah. m. Sahibzadi Sukaina Begum (b. before 1846), elder daughter of Shahzada Ahmad Halim uz-Zaman Sahib. He d. after 13^th February 1855.
    • i) Sahibzadi Fazl un-niza Begum [Khwaji Begum]. m. 1853, Sahibzada Ghulam Kubria (d.s.p. at Calcutta, 1861). She d.s.p. after 1871.
    • ii) Another daughter, who d. at Calcutta, 30^th August 1832 (or before 31^st July 1832).
  • c) Sahibzada Ghulam Muhi ud-din. b. at Seringapatam, 1800 (s/o a wife). He d. before 1832, having had issue, one son:
    • i) Sahibzada Muhammad Jalal ud-din. b. at Calcutta, 1820/1821. m. (first) …Begum (d. before 8^th October 1839. m. (second) 2^nd February 1849, Imami Begum, daughter of Sayyid Ghulam Husain. m. (third) Taj un-nisa (d.s.p.). He d. at Calcutta, 29^th October 1850 (bur. there at the Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park), having had issue, one son and one daughter:
      • (1) Sahibzada Muhammad Hamid ud-din (s/o Imami Begum). He d. aged eight years.
      • (1) Sahibzadi Umda Begum (d/o Imami). She d. aged two or seven years.
  • d) Sahibzada Muhammad Baqir. b. at Seringapatam, 1801/1802 (s/o a wife). m. (a) Husain Banu Bibi (d. before 16^th April 1859). m. (b) Burrat un-nisa Bibi (d. before 19^th May 1858). He d.s.p. at Calcutta, before 24^th April 1845 (bur. there at the Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park).
  • e) Shahzada Muhammad Shahab ud-din Sahib. b. at Seringapatam, 1802. Granted the personal title of Shahzada, 11^th June 1860. m. a daughter of his uncle, Shahzada Muhammad Subhan Sultan Sahib. He d. at Calcutta, 5^th May 1875 (bur. there at the Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park), having had issue, two sons and four daughters:
    • i) Sahibzada Muhammad Ghias ud-din. b. 1825 (s/o a wife). m. (first) Sahibzadi Umrao (or Nasura) Begum, daughter of Sahibzada Ghulam Nazim ud-din. m. (a) Nur Banu Bibi. m. (b) Khair un-nisa Bibi. He d. at Calcutta, 5^th January 1875 (bur. there at the Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park), having had issue, one son:
      • (1) Sahibzada Muhammad Abbas 'Ali. He had issue, one son and two daughters:
        • (a) Sahibzada Muhammad Munir ud-din.
        • (a) Sahibzadi Taz un-niza Begum.
        • (b) Sahibzadi Amir un-niza Begum.
    • ii) Sahibzada Fath 'Ali. m. (first) Ghulab un-nisa Begum. m. (a) Nasib un-nisa Bibi. He d. after 1871, having had issue, one son and one daughter:
      • (1) Sahibzada Muhammad Dara Shikoh.
      • (1) Sahibzadi Faiz un-nisa Begum.
    • i) The eldest daughter*. She d. at Calcutta, before 22^nd March 1843.
    • ii) Sahibzadi Wazir un-nisa Begum. m. … She d. at Calcutta, 15^th February 1889, having had issue, two sons:
      • (1) 'Ali Naqi.
      • (2) 'Ali Asghar.
    • iii) Sahibzadi Himat un-nisa Begum*. m. a gentleman from Calcutta. She d. 23^rd April 1854, having had issue, two daughters.
    • iv) Sahibzadi Shahzadi Begum. m. Sahibzada Muhammad Shikoh (b. at Calcutta, 1829/1830; d. ca. 1867), second son of Sahibzada Muhammad Sultan, by his wife, Sahibzadi Shahinshah Begum, eldest daughter of Shahzada Ghulam Ahmed Sultan Sahib. She d. after 1871 - see below.
    • * One of these daughters. m. Mirza Mahdi, of Calcutta. Another daughter. m. Mirza Masum, son of Mirza Mahdi, of Calcutta.
  • f) Sahibzada Muhammad Sultan. b. 1804, educ. privately. m. at Calcutta, before 1832, Shahzadi Shahinshah Begum Sahiba (b. at Calcutta, 1813; d. after 1863), youngest daughter of his uncle, Shahzada Ghulam Ahmed Sultan Sahib. He d. at Calcutta, 28^th November 1833, having had issue, four sons and one daughter:
    • i) Sahibzada Muhammad Hyder Shikoh. b. at Calcutta, 1826 (s/o Sahinshah Begum), educ. privately. m. Sahibzadi Rahim un-nisa Begum (d. at Calcutta, 2^nd November 1856), eldest daughter of Shahzada Muhammad Azim ud-din Shah Sahib, by his first wife, Shahzadi Fakhr un-nisa Begum Sahiba, daughter of Shahzada Muhammad Muiz ud-din Sultan Sahib. He d. at Calcutta, late 1858, having had issue, one son and one daughter:
      • (1) Sahibzada Muhammad Mahmud Shah. m. (a) Nazli Bibi. m. (b) Mehru Bibi. He d. after 1863.
      • (1) Sahibzadi Zina Begum. She d. after 1873.
    • ii) Sahibzada Muhammad Shikoh. b. at Calcutta, 1829/30 (s/o Sahinshah Begum), educ. privately. m. Sahibzadi Shahzadi Begum (d. after 1871), daughter of Sahibzada Muhammad Shahab ud-din. He d. ca. 1867, having had issue, four sons and one daughter:
      • (1) Sahibzada Muhammad Azim ud-din. m. at Calcutta, 1857, Sahibzadi Rais un-nisa Begum, eldest daughter of Sahibzada Ghulam Dastigir. He d. before 1893.
      • (2) Sahibzada Muhammad Muazzam ud-din. m. (a) Gulzar Bibi. He d. after 1907, having had issue, two sons:
        • (a) Sahibzada Muhammad Yassin. b. 1884.
        • (b) Sahibzada Muhammad Nizam ud-din. b. 1887.
      • (3) Sahibzada Muhammad Akbar Shikoh. m. (a) Fazl un-nisa Bibi. He d. after 1893, having had issue, two sons and one daughter:
        • (a) Sahibzada Muhammad Alam Shikoh. b. 1886.
        • (b) Sahibzada Ahmad Shikoh. b. 1887.
        • (a) Sahibzadi Husn Ara Begum. b. 1892.
      • (4) Sahibzada Muhammad Humayun. He d. before 1893.
      • (1) Sahibzadi Amina Begum.
    • iii) Sahibzada Ahmad Shikoh. b. 1828/32 (s/o Sahinshah Begum). m. a daughter of Sahibzada Muhammad Rahim ud-din. He d.s.p. at Calcutta, 24^th July 1860 (bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park).
    • iv) Sahibzada Muhammad Safdar Shikoh. b. 1835 (s/o Sahinshah Begum). He d. at Calcutta, 1878 (bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park), having had issue, two sons and three daughters:
      • (1) Sahibzada Muhammad Dara Shikoh. He d. after 1907.
      • (2) Sahibzada Muhammad Faridun Shikoh. He d. after 1907.
      • (1) Sahibzadi Fazilat un-nisa Begum. He d. after 1907.
      • (2) Sahibzadi Mumtaz un-nisa Begum. He d. after 1907.
      • (3) Sahibzadi Nishani Begum. He d. after 1907.
    • i) Sahibzadi Amir un-nisa Begum [Nunni Begum] (d/o Sahinshah Begum). m. at Calcutta, 1857, Sahibzada Ahmad Sultan (b. at Calcutta, 1831; d. before 1874), son of Sahibzada Muhammad Rahim ud-din. She d. after 1874 - see below.
  • g) Sahibzada Muhammad Sultan Husain. b. at Vellore, 1804/5, educ. privately. m. at Calcutta, before 1832, Shahzadi Fatima Begum Sahiba [Umda Begum] (d. at Calcutta, 28^th November 1875, and bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park), daughter of his uncle, H.H. Prince Ghulam Muhammad Sultan Sahib, KCSI. He d. before 12^th October 1848, having had issue, three sons and three daughters:
    • i) Sahibzada Muhammad Firuz Bakht. b. at Calcutta, 1831 (s/o Shahzadi Fatima). m. (a) Hayat un-nisa Bibi. He d. before 1859, having had issue, one daughter:
      • (1) Sahibzadi Nadir Jahan Begum. She d. after 1907.
    • ii) Sahibzada Muhammad Nasir ud-din Hyder. b. at Calcutta, 1837 (s/o Shahzadi Fatima). m. Sahibzadi Husni Jahan [Husaini Begum] (d. after 1873), second daughter of Sahibzada Muhammad Rashid ud-din, by his first first, Sahibzadi Karim un-nisa Begum, daughter of H.H. Prince Ghulam Muhammad Sultan Sahib, KCSI. He d. at Calcutta, 4^th August 1893 (bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park), having had issue, one daughter:
      • (1) Sahibzadi Yusuf un-nisa Begum. She d. after 1907.
    • iii) Sahibzada Muhammad Farkhunda Bakht. He d. before 11^th March 1849.
    • i) Sahibzadi Fazl un-nisa Begum (d/o Shahzadi Fatima). m. at Calcutta, ca. 1850, Sahibzada Ahmad 'Ali Khan (b. at Calcutta, 21^st August 1833), eldest son of Sahibzada Khairu'llah Khan. She d. after 1883, having had issue, one daughter - see India Non-salute (Savanur).
    • ii) Sahibzadi Fakhr un-nisa Begum. b. 1829? (d/o Shahzadi Fatima). m. at Calcutta, ca. 1854, Sahibzada Muhammad Shah Alam (b. at Calcutta, 1824; d. at Calcutta, 1872), son of Sahibzada Ghulam Dastigir. She d. before 1888 - see below.
    • iii) Sahibzadi Faiz un-nisa Begum (d/o Shahzadi Fatima). m. as his first wife, Sahibzada Muhammad Kaiser (b. after 1832; d. after 1854,), second son of Sahibzada Ghulam Muhammad Tipu, by his second wife, Sahibzadi Shahzadi Begum [Hajira Begum], daughter of Khwaja 'Ali Husain. She d. at Calcutta, 24^th March 1860 (bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park) - see below.
  • h) Sahibzada Muhammad 'Ali. b. 1804/5. m. (first) Sahibzadi Majida Begum (d.s.p. at Jedda, Arabia, 2^nd June 1864, bur. there), third daughter of his uncle, Shahzada Muhi ud-din Sultan Sahib, Sultan Padshah Bahadur. m. (a) Bibi Jan. m. (b) …He d. before 31^st January 1842, having had issue, four sons and one daughter:
    • i) A son, who d. 2^nd August 1832.
    • ii) Sahibzada Ghaffar 'Ali (s/o Bibi Jan).
    • iii) Sahibzada Muhammad Allah Inayat. b. at Calcutta, 24^th July 1842? (s/o a Bibi). He d. at Calcutta, 15^th August 1868 (bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park), having had issue, two daughters:
      • (1) Sahibzadi Duryani Begum.
      • (2) Sahibzadi Choti Begum.
    • iv) Sahibzada Muhammad Allah Nevaz. He d. before 17^th December 1855.
    • i) A daughter, who d. before 17^th July 1844.
  • a) Sahibzadi Izzat un-nisa Begum (eldest daughter)**. She d. before 17^th November 1857.
  • b) the second daughter. m. at Calcutta, 1822, Sahibzada Ghulam Muhammad Tipu (b. at Vellore, 1804; d. at Calcutta, 16^th July 1843, bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park), son of Shahzada Muhi ud-din Sultan Sahib, Sultan Padshah Bahadur  - see below.
  • c) Shahzadi Nur Jahan Begum Sahiba. m. Mirza Ahmad Khorasani. m. (second?) Mirza Imam 'Ali, of Calcutta. She d. after 1863.
  • d) Shahzadi Khatuna Begum Sahiba**. She d. after 1873.
  • e) Shahzadi Zeb un-nisa Begum Sahiba. m. Aga Ismail Ali Khan. She d. at Calcutta, 26^th September 1874 (bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park), having had issue, one son:
    • i) Sahibzada Wajih ud-din Hyder. m. Mariam Begum (d. at Calcutta, 1890). He d. at Calcutta, 8^th August 1877 (bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park), having had issue, three sons and two daughters, including:
      • (1) Sahibzada Sultan Tafazz ul-Husain.
      • (2) Sahibzada Sultan Agha Sakhwat.
      • (3) Sahibzada Agha Sultan Altaf Husain. m. Akbari Begum.
      • (1) Sahibzadi Basanti Begum.
      • (2) Sahibzadi Nowrangi Begum.
  • f) Shahzadi Khadija Begum Sahiba**. She d. after 1873.
  • g) Shahzadi Fakhr un-nisa Begum Sahiba**. She d. after 1863.
  • h) Shahzadi Razia Begum Sahiba (d/o Khatuna Bibi)**. She d. at Calcutta, 22^nd February 1875 (bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park).
  • i) Sahibzadi Abida Begum Sahiba**. She d. at Calcutta, 1859 (bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park).
  • j) Sahibzadi Badr un-nisa Begum Sahiba**. She d. before 31^st July 1860.
  • k) Shahzadi Waziri Begum Sahiba. m. Agha Jafar 'Ali. She d. at Calcutta, 1873 (bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park), having had issue, two daughters:
    • i) Sahibzadi Hidayat un-nisa Begum. m. at Calcutta, 1841, Shahzada Muhammad Anwar Shah Sahib (b. at Calcutta, 1826; d. at Calcutta, 7^th June 1889), elder son of Shahzada Munir ud-din Sultan Sahib, by his first wife, Zohra Begum. - see below.
    • ii) A daughter. m. at Calcutta, 1846, as his first wife, Sahibzada Muhammad Firuz Bakht (b. at Calcutta, 1832; d. there, 19^th April 1861), elder son of Shahzada Muhammad Said ud-din Sahib. She had issue - see below.
  • l) A daughter. m. Shahzada Muhammad Qutb ud-din Sahib (b. at Vellore, 1805; d. at Calcutta, 31^st March 1861, and bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park), son of Shahzada Muhi ud-din Sultan Sahib, Sultan Padshah Bahadur. She d.s.p. at Calcutta, 30^th July 1843 (bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park) - see below.
  • m) A daughter. m. Sahibzada Muhammad Burhan ud-din (b. 1802; d. at Calcutta, before 1864), fifth son of her uncle, Shahzada Muhi ud-din Sultan Sahib, Sultan Padshah Bahadur. She d. at Calcutta, 25^th August 1832 (bur. Mysore Family Cemetery, Kalighat Park), having had issue, two daughters - see below.
  • n) A daughter. m. Sahibzada Muhammad Said ud-din (b. at Vellore, 1801/2; d. before 1869), second son of her uncle, Shahzada Muhi ud-din Sultan Sahib, Sultan Padshah Bahadur. She d.s.p. at Calcutta, before 24^th September 1829 - see below.
  • o) A daughter. m. Sahibzada Ghulam Nizam ud-din (b. 1800/1; d. at Calcutta, 8^th February 1859). She d. before 8^th February 1829 - see below.
  • p) A daughter. m. Sahibzada Muhammad Jalal ud-din (b. 1800. He d. before 8^th May 1839), second son of Sayyid Shahbaz, by his wife, Shahzadi Bibi Begum Sahiba, daughter of H.M. Fath 'Ali Tipu Sultan Padshah Bahadur. She d. after 13^th February 1855 - see below.
  • q) A daughter. m. at Calcutta, 1833, Agha 'Ali Muski.
  • **One of these daughters. m. Sahibzada Muhammad Rafi ud-din (b. at Seringapatam, 1799; d. at Calcutta, ca. 1862), eldest son of Sayyid Shahbaz, by his wife, Shahzadi Bibi Begum Sahiba, daughter of H.M. Fath 'Ali Tipu Sultan Padshah Bahadur. She d. after 13^th February 1855- see below. Another daughter. m. as his first wife, Sahibzada Khairu'llah Khan (b. at Vellore, ca. 1803; d. at Calcutta, 19^th January 1861), eldest son of Nawabzada Hyder Husain Khan. She had issue - see India Non-salute (Savanur). Another. m. Sahibzada Ghulam Dastigir (b. 1809; d. before 13^th August 1837), son of Shahzada Muhi ud-din Sultan Sahib, Sultan Padshah Bahadur. She had issue - see below. Another. m. Sahibzada Muhammad Sultan ud-din (b. 1802; d. at Calcutta, 21^st June 1822), eldest son of Shahzada Muhammad Yasin Sultan Sahib - see below.
    • A grandson of Fath Hyder, m. Sahibzadi Roshan Ara Begum (b. at Calcutta, 1829; d.s.p. at Calcutta, 3^rd November 1851), daughter of Sahibzada Muhammad Shaukat ud-din - see below.

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